Globalization and culture -Liyang

 With the globalization of economy and the development of cultural exchanges, conflicts between different cultures are colliding more and more. Under the impact of the globalization tide, the cultural environment in which people live is hard to be a homogeneous homogenous culture, or remain pure. Traditional Culture. The metabolism of culture and hegemonic behavior will intensify, and the result must be to unite in the opposite, to achieve integration through conflict, to achieve diversified harmonious coexistence and balance. Therefore, as an important content and expression of globalization, cultural integration is an all-round, three-dimensional integration, which is the complementary coexistence and overall harmony between different cultures.

There are two different attitudes towards the global understanding of culture: one believes that everything should be abandoned to seek cultural global identity; the other believes that it should resist the global cultural convergence with its own traditional cultural characteristics. tendency.

1. The performance of globalization on culture:

Globalization is the trend of the times, and the world culture is thus showing a trend of deepening integration. Various civilizations have been innovated and developed in constant exchange and integration.

2. Reason: 

As Comrade Hu Jintao said at Yale University, “Civilization diversity is the objective reality of human society”, “All civilizations have made their own contributions to human progress in their own unique ways”, World Cultural Diversity The trend is also more prominent, and these two trends will coexist for a long time.

3. Impact:

For a large developing country with a long and splendid and unique civilization, such as a nation-state, especially China, it is very important to coordinate cultural security and cultural opening in a globalized environment.

4. Advantages: 

In today's world, culture and economy and politics are intermingled. The competition among countries has risen from the economic level to the cultural level. It is embodied in the competition between cultural models and cultural industries. Developing cultural industries is the most important way to prosper national culture. one.

The cultural industry is a sunrise industry with great potential. Its status and role are more and more prominent. It accounts for 25% of the US GDP, 25% in Italy, 20% in the UK, and less than 3% in China. According to Morpho estimates, senior vice president of Disney.

The value of China's entertainment industry in the Mainland is currently 53 billion US dollars. If it can develop to the current level in the United States, the output value will be expanded 40 times to 2 trillion US dollars.

5. Disadvantages:

Lack of effective protection allows powerful competitors to quickly enter the cultural industry that is still a childish industry in China. The independent innovation and development of the national cultural industry will be restrained and damaged, and the cultural market may not be returned. Independent cultural brands and competitiveness, the results of the opening of the cultural market will likely be dominated by multinational companies, and win-win will become a single loss.

The relationship between globalization and traditional culture

Globalization has become the basic feature of today's era. With the advancement of globalization, the mutual connection and interdependence between countries in the world are constantly strengthened. In the process of the continuous development of globalization, its influence on culture is increasingly obvious and far-reaching. Under the influence of globalization, the cultures of all countries and nations in the world show the trend of conflict and integration.  
 In this process, Chinese traditional culture is inevitably affected by both positive and negative influences, such as the transformation of Chinese traditional political thoughts by Western democratic and legal thoughts, the change of Chinese traditional economic models and policies by scientific and technological progress, and the promotion of globalization of Chinese people's reflection and transformation of traditional culture. The negative influences include the influence of Western individualism on Chinese traditional culture, the influence of Western over commercialization on Chinese traditional culture, and the impact of "cultural hegemony" on Chinese traditional culture in the process of globalization. These impacts are profound and long-term, especially the negative impact of globalization on Chinese traditional culture, which we need to pay close attention to and think deeply about. In the context of globalization, it is of great significance to inherit and develop Chinese traditional culture for building a modern socialist country with Chinese characteristics. However, Chinese traditional culture itself is mixed and the essence and the dross exist. Blindly promoting traditional culture will inevitably lead to the proliferation and restoration of feudal decadent ideas. Therefore, we must treat China's traditional culture dialectically, adhere to the principle of "taking the essence and eliminating the dross", treat Chinese traditional culture correctly, scientifically distinguish the good and bad of traditional culture, give the Chinese traditional culture the spirit of the times, and adapt to the development of globalization, and push forward the modernization process of our country.

What is globalization? - Liyang

  The term globalization is a concept and a process of phenomena in the development of human society. There are many definitions of globalization. Generally speaking, globalization refers to the continuous increase of global connections, the development of human life on a global scale and the rise of global consciousness. Countries are interdependent in politics, economy and trade. Globalization can also be interpreted as the compression of the world and the global as a whole. After the 1990s, with the expansion of the influence of globalization forces on human society, it has gradually attracted the attention of the political, educational, social and cultural fields of various countries, which has caused a research boom.

Globalization is a new phenomenon that has become increasingly prominent worldwide since the 1980s and is a basic feature of the modern era.

There is no unified definition of globalization. Generally speaking, from the perspective of material form, globalization refers to the transboundary movement of goods and capital, and has experienced several stages of development: transnationalization, partial internationalization, and globalization. The transnational flow of goods and capital is the initial form of globalization.  In this process, there have been corresponding regional and international economic management organizations and economic entities, as well as cross-border exchanges, collisions, conflicts and integrations of spiritual forces such as culture, lifestyle, values, and ideology.

In general, globalization is a multi-level and multi-disciplinary relationship centered on economic globalization, including political, cultural, scientific, military, military, security, ideology, lifestyle, and values. Multi-concepts of influence, influence and restriction. "Globalization" can be summarized as globalization of ten aspects of science and technology, economy, politics, rule of law, management, organization, culture, ideas, interpersonal relationships, and international relations.

Globalization is a provocative word. Advocates say that it will bring unprecedented progress and prosperity to the entire world; critics assert that it will bring poverty, war and even cultural extinction to developing countries. What is globalization? Are we really experiencing unprecedented globalization? What has the past globalization brought to us?

Globalization is a process that refers to the flow of material and spiritual products that breaks through the constraints of regions and national boundaries and affects life in every corner of the planet. Globalization also includes the cross-border movement of people. Human mobility is the highest level of material and spiritual mobility.

Scientific and technological progress is the driving force behind all social changes. The advancement of transportation and communication technology is the support of globalization. The advancement of transportation promotes the globalization of people and material products, and the advancement of communication promotes the globalization of spiritual products. Of course, the role of the two types of technology is often inseparable. The Internet can mobilize capital, and ships can also spread the spirit.

Aside from the factors of technological progress, globalization is the globalization of capital, and the globalization of capitalism, that is, the globalization of profit--the Marx discussed the essence of globalization 150 years ago. In addition to the war, capital madly chasing profits on a global scale, 24 hours a day, never tired. Therefore, the globalization so far is reflected in the expansion of the market economy system around the world. All other aspects of globalization, including the international communist movement, are derived from the globalization of capital. If the expansion of the world market is inevitable, globalization is also inevitable. Since globalization affects life in every corner of the planet, people certainly want to have their own distinct positions. The complexity of globalization is that different things can produce different results in different spaces and at different times. These four types of variables are infinite. Since people can't predict all the variables, they have to rely on ideology to determine their position.

For many supporters, globalization is an ideology based on the ideals of the world. Supporting globalization means respecting the "market law" and conforming to the historical trend. For many opponents, anti-globalization is an ideology based on the ideal of an equal world. Anti-globalization is against expanding the gap between the rich and the poor and opposing hegemony. Ideological tendencies are human nature and an important driving force for human progress. However, the author does not want to talk about ideology here, just want to talk about things.

Globalization performance

Today's weak national language is facing the impact of strong language, globalization, the Internet, etc., and its social use function is in a dangerous situation of gradual weakening or disappearing.

Therefore, relevant institutions and linguistic circles should take active and effective measures to rescue the endangered national language; protect the national language, which is conducive to the inheritance and development of human civilization, and is also conducive to national unity and social stability.

Contemporary globalization is mainly embodied in the four aspects of internationalization, liberalization, universalization and planetaryization. Internationalization mainly refers to transnational boundaries and describes the differences in political and economic aspects between different ethnic groups and countries.

Liberalization is often used by economists, while generalization is more used by cultural researchers, mainly involving specific values: a more global world is culturally homogenized. Planetaryization involves the dissemination of messages and cultural security issues.

Cultural Globalization

This article talks about the cultural globalization.
In this article, author defines globalization as a network that develops into interconnectivity and interdependence.
He then viewed the globalization of culture as an independent factor rather than simply a part that is subordinate to the capitalist market.

After this definition, the question 'What form will globalization emerge?' appears. One common assumption about this is that a single world culture will soon emerge. The reason for this is an integrated system of global markets. However, it is too early to judge, as I say, that the impact of globalization extends to all individuals and places. In some cases, traditional culture survives against the invasion of various cultures, just like anti-American cultural activities.


I have looked up some examples of this in Korean history. It is the relationship between Korea and Japan.
The anti-Japanese movement that is still underway has begun with political interests between the two countries, affecting numerous areas. And this movement did not just begin recently. Since Korea's liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945, until 1998, the Japanese culture had already been ostracized and banned. This was not simply due to historical relations, but to the fear of "being ruled by culture." In Korea at that time, everything Japanese was ostracized and taboo.
As a result, I wondered if there could really be something that is dominated by culture.

Cultural Globalization

1) summary

Tomlinson said Globalization is a complex, accelerating, integrating process of global connectivity. And culture is a dimension in which globalization both has its effects and simultaneously is generated and shaped.

Globalization means integration, but not necessarily. Globalization has connectivity in each country, but it is different from creating a single, integrated world.

He disagrees with the opinion that cultural globalization takes the form of cultural imperialism, causing the loss of non-Western traditional culture. Of course, that cultures may be harmful on an individual level, but they do not mean a deep surrender to Western cultural values.

He also disagrees with the argument that a culture that is regarded as a universal culture denies other cultures. But is against forcing certain things and creating a distorted culture.

He said the better way to discuss globalization than the ethnocentric approach is in the deterritorialization. Culture is no longer much tied to geographic location or environment, climate, and racial boundary discrimination and practice that occurred there. The culture produced by locality is no longer the single most important factor in our lived reality. Deterritorialization makes we all have of our relevant environment, our understanding of what counts as home and abroad, our horizon of cultural and moral relevance, even our sense of cultural and national identity.

He also said, One of the main challenges of global cultural analysis is to come to terms with the way in which telemediatization is shaping our lives – and, indeed, our values. The speed of electronic communication is having a great impact on globalization, and it is also valued as a commodity. We can share cultures far away through electronic communication.

Finally, he argues that whether to raise the hand of universal human rights and cultural differences will be known by solving the problem of the formation of cultural identity. He says globalization is not a threat to cultural identity, but a force to produce and spread it.

2) what was interesting

I was impressed that culture is no longer limited to geographical elements. While listening to music from other countries, liking entertainers from other countries, watching movies from other countries, I have never thought of interpreting my experience in that way. By reading this article, I realized that globalization is close to my everyday life.

3) discussion point

This article mentions the dilemma between universal human rights and cultural differences. 

I have also been thinking about this point a lot. For example, should Islamic Honor killings be respected as their traditional culture?

Culture and GlobalIzatIon - ZhangZuo dong

<Summary>
I have to say that this is a very deep piece of writing, and I have learned about the relationship between globalization and culture.The relationship between culture and globalization is part of the world's globalization.
 Thousands of years ago, when the world was still in a period of barbarism, culture had already developed.The emergence of a bud, a period of thousands of years ago, was a barbarIan period, which was a fundamental goal of survival.Along with the advent of words, human productivity has also improved.Human beings ' skilled use of tools and science has also made great improvements in human living standards.Human beings no longer live alone, not alone, but instead of pursuing individual labor, they begin to communicate.Such initial communication is the basis of culture.
 Culture is a long process compared with globalization.It's more like a child's growth process. One.Children grow up from infancy to adulthood.The growth of a civilization needs to be changed from primitive society into modern society.There seems to be no big connection between the two, but actually there's a lot of common points.
 The formation of culture is a complex process.China is a typical example.Children. When China was still in the middle of the world hundreds of years ago, China was at the top of the world's economy, and its economic strength occupied half of the world's share of the world.Behind this high prosperity lies the fusion of 1,000 years of national harmony.China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times.Every nation is eager to gain power to conquer other peoples, and they take the form of war against the weak, and they pass through the way of marriage.In this way, strong ethnic groups and strong ethnic groups are becoming a stronger subject.A weak nation can not resist strong resistance.The attacks of the people, they disappear or become united into new groups.
 After the weak civilization disappeared, it was replaced by strong civilization.They went on contact with other civilizations.AssImIlatIng or merging other civilizations.This is the shadow of the development of Chinese culture, which is also the shadow of the development of the world culture.China is the representative of ancient culture.In recent times, Britain has replaced China as a force to influence the world.Britain was originally a small country, and English was also a minority language.In the Middle Ages, the four great inventions of China were introduced into Europe, which brought great shock to Europe, and laid the foundations for the later Renaissance movement.Under the impact of Oriental culture, the Renaissance began.Spain and Portugal took the lead, and then Britain seized the opportunity to develop rapidly.Spain and Portugal explored and developed the new continent, but they stopped and began to pursue material wealth.Meanwhile, Britain slipped quietly.The first industrial revolution made Britain a world power.It extended its territory outward, and it sold its products to the outside world, and it brought English to the world and made the world a world of English.By this time Britain became a great winner, and I thought Britain seized its own advantage and succeeded.It is also similar to that of present-day civilization.
 The process of globalization is also a complex process.The mainstream culture of today is no longer Britain.Instead, it became the United States.After becoming the world's premier power, America has strengthened its ties with other countries.It has spread American culture to all parts of the world.It affects the dollar through the exchange rate.He combines outstanding talents around the world and merge into a common new American culture.America is a microcosm of modern globalization, and has the same experience as the former China and Britain.While times are different, the three countries change the world with cultural influence, bringing global integration into globalization.
 <Discussion>
So, I think culture is part of globalization.Globalization is inseparable from cultural development.The core of globalization is the fusion of resources, which is also the core of cultural development.Therefore, globalization can not ignore the globalization of culture.What I want to know is that cultural progress will be achieved at a certain stage, and if it is directly chosen, will the process of globalization be realized?

Cultural Globalization

1.Summary

The author first explains the relationship between globalization and culture. Globalization is a multidimensional process with many aspects. No single dimension is preferred. Globalization refers to a rapidly evolving and increasingly interconnected and interdependent network that occurs simultaneously in the areas of economic, political, environmental change and cultural technological development. At present, the level of global interdependence is unprecedented.

In the author's opinion, some people think that the economy is the most important in these dimensions, and the economic field is completely unaffected by culture. These views are wrong.

Culture is not only an environment that can meaningfully explain events, it is also the original environment in which human activities occurs. A useful way to think about the impact of culture on globalization is to understand how a “local” action with a cultural basis has an impact on globalization. The author also emphasizes in this section that culture is a dimension that not only affects globalization but also creates and shapes globalization.

The author then analyzes the simplification trend of global culture in globalization, and proposes some solutions to such situations. The “Third World” countries clearly do not participate in the spread of a globalized economy or globalization as developed countries do. Therefore, globalization is an unbalanced process that does not reach a very global level. Western capitalism, especially American capitalist culture, has expanded globally. Through the development and expansion of some Western brands, the value of Western culture seems to be gradually replaced. So we need to observe contemporary globalization in a longer historical context.

The author then mentions Marx, who believes that he is "a persuasive internationalist" and that the proletariat is the real and the only "world worker." But his perception of culture is firmly rooted in European traditions, and he underestimates the enduring power and importance of racial and religious attachment (or its transformation to nationalism) in modernity. So we have to learn the lesson that the cosmopolitan way of working is not imposed on any particular model influenced by culture. This may be the most direct cultural challenge facing globalization.

 Next, the author describes the issue of culture and deterritorialization.Most of us live in local life, but globalization is rapidly changing our concept of these. De-localization means that culture is no longer confined to local conditions and the culture of local production is no longer the single most important factor in the reality of our lives. The “weakening” of traditional connections between cultural experiences and geographic regions will prove to be the most far-reaching impact of cultural globalization.

Finally, in the part of cosmopolitanism and cultural identity, the author suggests that we should take seriously the idea of progressive, international cultural politics. Globalization may be the most important force for creating and spreading cultural identity. According to this universal view, it recognizes the dual description of the cultural belonging experience, which is a collective wealth of the local community.

2.What was interesting /What did you learn?

I am very interested in the part of deterritorialization. deterritorialization is often used in research related to cultural globalization. Globalization has changed the relationship between people and geographical and cultural activities. Culture is no longer limited to the regions and people who produce it. Because I have always had the same feeling about it, but most of my thoughts are about concerns about delocalization. The author's point of view gave me more ideas.

Cultural Globalization

Summary

The above article talks about the connection between globalization and culture. According to the passage above, globalization is a multidimensional process that takes place simultaneously in changes in economy, politics, technology development, environmental change and culture. And in modern society, globalization means a network of interconnectedness and interdependence that characterizes material, social, economic and cultural life, rapidly developing and constantly developing. They also say that culture is about creating meaning in life. Interpreting cultural meaning continues to motivate and orient people individually and collectively to specific choices and actions. Thus, from a cultural perspective, it is very basic to understand the agenda of globalization.

There is speculation that the globalization process will lead to a single world culture, according to the article. But you can't dare claim this speculation. This is because speculation about the spread of globalization must certainly be tempered by the many offset trends toward social, political and genuine cultural divisions seen around us. We therefore need to verify it by saying that she-gyetization is an unfair process. Nevertheless, the trend continues to drive globalization to "single globalization." This trend implies a form of cultural imperialism. The writer, however, says that when analyzing culture, the focus should be on interpreting the marketing capabilities of Western companies and the meanings associated with cultural products, not the ability to dominate the wide market.

Unlike the method through macro-analysis of globalization, the concept of "externalization," a way of understanding the effects of globalization felt within a certain region, is emerging. Desiccated soil means the reach of connectivity to the locality in which everyday life is carried out and experienced. Retro-naturalization is not simply about losing the experience of local culture. It makes locality, idiosyncrasies, nuances, differences suddenly and completely disappear. De-zeroing occurs in complex economic, political and technological elements, and in fact, as globalization itself, it is not a phenomenon that can be conveniently tied to one analytical dimension. But since it extends into the realm of historically unprecedented connectivity, there is one element worth screening for closer scrutiny. It is that we routinely rely on electronic media and communications technology and systems.

The above article presents various concepts of globalization and culture. It also explains what we need to share deeply and what we need to be wary of.

Mention of any new, interesting, or unusual items learned

It was interesting to compare views between those who view globalization as a threat to cultural identity and those who do not. Looking at the views of those who claim that globalization has been the most important force in creating and spreading cultural identity, and those who view it as a threat to cultural identity, I thought about whether preserving cultural identity is important or expanding it in modern society.

 Identify at least one question, concern, or discussion angle that is either problematic in some respect or could have been elaborated more.

I wonder what path we can offer to solve the problem of cultural identity formation.

Culture and globalization

I believe that culture has promoted the formation of globalization to some extent, even though culture is only one of many factors that influence the globalization of the world. But I think it has played a very important role in the globalization of the world.

Since entering the 21st world, more and more multinational corporations and media technologies have emerged, and the speed of globalization in the world has also increased. I believe that the export of culture has played a significant role in globalization. Since the last century, the United States has been continuously developing their film and television industry, especially Hollywood movies. They filmed American stories and their imaginations of the future world into movies for sale around the world. While watching the plot of the movie and the gorgeous special effects, people also unwittingly accept the American culture, not only the film industry, music, books, knowledge, language. As long as you want to understand these things, you will subtly understand the culture of beautification. This creates a phenomenon. We can see the symbols of American culture appearing all over the world. And when these high-quality cultures spread to other countries, local residents will slowly recognize it, accept it, rely on him, and eventually become this culture. Such as Apple's various and commodities. And American street culture and luxury jewelry culture. Therefore, when the output of culture reaches a certain value, the source country of culture will be greatly developed. On the contrary, the country exported by culture will cause losses. Not only that, in China 10 years ago, fewer and fewer people will care about Chinese traditional culture, and the United States, South Korea, and Japanese culture are among the crowds. More and more people will celebrate Christmas, and less and less attention to the traditional Spring Festival. Until the quality culture of China's local culture has been expressed in recent years, the previous phenomenon has improved. But globalization is indeed a necessary path in the history of human society development. But the globalization we hope for is not the monopoly of a single country.

So we will see that the rapid development of a culture will squeeze the living environment of other cultures. There will also be some problems that come with it. For example, investors in the market economy often look for new investment areas for various reasons. Since many resources in these regions have not been covered by the market, there is no ownership, no price, and the occupants themselves are indifferent to them, which will undoubtedly bring huge benefits to investors. However, it is precisely because these resources have nothing to do with them, so they often do not use these resources more effectively during development, but overuse, irresponsiblely pass on the costs that should be paid by themselves to others, at the expense Neighbors, harming children and grandchildren. Although the West no longer relies on bayonets and cannons, it relies on bribery to plunder the resources of Africa and Latin America, and after the raw materials are shipped away, the garbage is returned. Therefore, globalization will eventually become a big family with harmonious coexistence or a big country and capital to seek benefits.

cultural globalization - Don Kim

Summary 

The author starts the article with giving definition of globalization in order to talk about the relationship between globalization and culture. In simple way of talking about globalization, he said it is a complex, accelerating, integrating process of global connectivity. Economic sphere is the chief terms to explain globalization.

The author says the culture is the primordial context in which human agency arises and takes place.

Rather than just a event. Also, culture is a dimension in which globalization both has its effects and simultaneously is generated and shaped.

The process of globalization in some of its aspects does have this general unifying character. ‘Third

World’ seems, is not quite global. Western critics, a tendency to imagine globalization pushing us towards an all-encompassing ‘global culture’. What is feared here is the total domination of world cultures through the unopposed advance of iconic brands such as Disney, Coca-Cola, Marlboro; totalitarianism of culture.

What globalization is clearly not doing, however, if it is doing this, is effortlessly installing Western culture as global culture.

The author gives example like Muslim, false Christianity, and Marx.  And people need the core of European Enlightenment rationality.

 Interesting/discussion

The author mentioned not only virtuous points of cultural globalization but also, its vices and warned people to this phenomenon as a serious matter while people are not. I feel like I necessarily read Marx theory again.

Blog Assignment 2 - Cultural Globalization / Minjeong Lee

1. Summary

Globalization is multidimensional and occurs immediately in various areas such as political, economic, technological development, cultural and environmental change. In general, globalization refers to the radical changing and dense network of interconnections and interdependencies that characterize material, social, economic and cultural life in the modern world. There is unprecedented interdependence and connectivity in modern society. So now society can't operate normally with just one society. Many fields already deeply have connected worldwide, such as social media, environmental issues, music and movies.

In the course of globalization, the capitalist system can distort our understanding of culture. In fact, there are wrong examples of globalization, such as cultural imperialism, Americanization, Westernization and global capitalism. We need to distinguish them clearly and take them critically.

One of the common assumptions about the globalization process is that it will form a single culture. This is because a single global culture can eventually see a unified effect in many areas. There is no country in modern society that does not accept the impact of globalization. But because developed countries lead globalization, developing countries are marginalized in the process. It's kind of a totalitarian culture.

Cultural identity refers to the differentiation, institutionalization, and social regulation of the nature of modern life, but globalization does not undermine cultural identity. Rather, globalization is the most important factor in creating and spreading cultural identity. We need to respect individual cultural identities, cultural spontaneity, and the integrity of sovereignty.

2. New/Interesting things I learned

Globalization is a double-edged sword. On the positive side of globalization, societies develop together by sharing culture with each other and buying and selling goods. However, such as the "Americanization" and "cultural imperialism" mentioned in the text, there is a tendency to belittle existing cultures and to regard only new ones as superior. Which country in the world sells iPhones the most expensive? It's Korea. As there is a prejudice that Apple in the U.S. is better at making smartphones than Samsung in South Korea, people buy them no matter how expensive they are. Then, which country gives and receives spam as a holiday gift? This is also Korea. Spam is a low-grade canned ham originally distributed to U.S. soldiers, but it is especially expensive and popular in South Korea. In this way, iPhone and spam show the negative side of globalization.

3. Discussion Point

What is the relation between culture and globalization? I think culture is the most visible part of globalization. In addition, globalization is the first and fastest in the field of culture.

A few years ago in Korea, Japanese-related culture began to be considered "hip-and-trendy." This has led to the creation of traditional Japanese buildings in central Seoul and significantly increased sales in Korea by Japanese companies such as ‘Muji’ and ‘Kissme’. However, this trend is not right at a time when historical conflicts with Japan persist. Even as the "No Japan" movement is underway, there is still a tendency among young people to value Japanese culture. The examples of cultural globalization are generally seen as a way for powerful countries to unilaterally spread culture to weaker countries. Please let me know in the comments if there are any other cases.

Cultural Globalization - Yerim Jang

1. Summary

globalization is a multidimensional process, taking place simultaneously within the spheres of the economy, of politics, of technological developments of environmental change and of culture. globalization is a complex, accelerating, integrating process of global connectivity. globalization refers to the rapidly developing and ever-densening network of interconnections and interdependencies.

There is no escaping the global dominance of the capitalist system and there is little to be gained by cultural analysts from understating its huge significance. But, having said this, we must resist the temptation to attribute it with causal primacy in the globalization process. First, because we are not dealing with straightforward empirical judgments about what specific practices drive everything else, but also with questions of the constitution of analytical categories: to what extent are economic practices also, intrinsically, cultural ones? The second reason is that it distorts our understanding of the sphere of culture. Common expressions like ‘the impact of globalization on culture’ or ‘the cultural consequences of globalization’ contain a tacit assumption that globalization is a process which somehow has its sources and its terrain of operation outside of culture. One major reason why it seems natural to speak of globalization’s ‘impact’ on culture is that global market processes are easy to understand as having a potential influence on people’s cultural experience.

 This, indeed, is at the core of the interpretation of cultural globalization as ‘cultural imperialism’, ‘Americanization’ or‘Westernization’, or as the spread of a global capitalist-consumerist monoculture (Tomlinson 1991, 1999). In all such readings ‘culture’ seems to be a peculiarly inert category: something that people experience or imbibe but do not themselves produce or shape. Much has been written from the semiotic-hermeneutic perspective of cultural analysis in response to this deep misconception, demonstrating the active, transformative nature of the appropriation of cultural goods (Morley 1992;Thompson 1995; Lull 2000). But despite this critique, the idea of culture as being intrinsically constitutive of globalization– as being a dimension which has consequences for other domains – remains relatively obscure.

 What is culture? Culture is not only ‘a context in which [events] may be meaningfully interpreted’ (Geertz 1973), it is the primordial context in which human agency arises and takes place. Actions which may seem to be fairly instrumental ones, following a logic of practical or economic necessity, are nonetheless always undertaken within that set of self-understandings, plans, hopes or aspirations which we can think of as the constitutive elements of the individual’s cultural ‘lifeworld’.  Even the most basic instrumental actions of satisfying bodily needs are not in this sense outside of culture: in certain circumstances the decision to eat or to starve is a cultural decision. One useful way to think about the consequentiality of culture for globalization, then, is to grasp how culturally informed ‘local’ actions can have globalizing consequences.

One common speculation about the globalization process is that it will lead to a single global culture. This is only aspeculation, but the reason it seems possible is that we can see the ‘unifying’ effects of connectivity in other spheres – particularly in the economic sphere where the tightly integrated system of the global market provides the model. And, globalization in some of its aspects does have this general unifying character. Whereas it was in the past possible to understand social and economic processes and practices as a set of local, relatively ‘independent’ phenomena, globalization makes the world in many respects, to quote Roland Robertson (1992), a ‘single place’. However, increasing global connectivity by no means necessarily implies that the world is becoming, in the widest sense, either economically or politically ‘unified’. the ‘Third World’ clearly does not partake of the globalized economy or of globalized communications in the same way as the developed world.

An overarching global economic system, it is true to say, is deeply influential in determining the fate of countries in Africa. But this is a far cry from saying that Africa is part of a single, unified world of economic prosperity and social and technological development. So we have to qualify the idea of globalization by saying that it is an uneven process – with areas of concentration and density of flow and other areas of neglect or even perhaps exclusion (Massey 1994). To this extent, globalization, it seems, is not quite global!

 Despite all this, there persists, at least amongst some Western critics, a tendency to imagine globalization pushing us towards an all-encompassing ‘global culture’. The most common way in which this is conceived is in the assumption that I mentioned earlier, that cultural globalization implies a form of cultural imperialism: the spread of Western capitalist culture to every part of the globe, and the consequent threat of a loss of distinct non-Western cultural traditions. Globally marketed formulaic Hollywood movies, Western popular music genres and television formats appear to many as what the filmmaker Bernado Bertolucci once referred to as‘a kind of totalitarianism of culture’

 Karl Marx’s depiction of a future communist society provides what is perhaps the most vivid imagination of a global culture to be found in either nineteenth- or twentieth-century social thought. In the Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels present a bold vision of a future world in which the divisions of nations have disappeared, along with all other ‘local’ attachments, including those of religious belief. Communist society is a world with a universal language, a world literature and integrated cosmopolitan cultural tastes.

 One clear implication of the discussion in the previous section is that both utopian and dystopian speculations about a single integrated global culture are not only generally ethnocentric in their origins, they are – in part because of this – rather poor predictions of actual cultural development. But there is another, more promising, way of approaching cultural globalization. This is not via the macro analysis of ‘globality’, but precisely in the opposite way, by understanding the effects of globalization as they are felt within particular localities.

 This ‘deterritorializing’ aspect of globalization is felt in very ordinary everyday practices: as we push our trolleys around the aisles of ‘global foods’ in local supermarkets; as we choose between eating in Italian, Mexican, Thai, Indian or Japanese restaurants; as we settle down in our living rooms to watch an American soap opera or the news coverage of a distant political event; as we casually phone friends on other continents, aware of their ‘distance’ only in terms of a time difference; as we routinely log on to Google for information rather than walking down to the local public library. These activities are now so taken-for-granted in the affluent, developed parts of the world, that they seem almost too trivial to consider as signaling deep cultural transformations. Yet they do. It is through such changes that globalization reaches deep into our individual cultural ‘worlds’, the implicit sense we all have of our relevant environment, our understanding of what counts as home and abroad, our horizon of cultural and moral relevance, even our sense of cultural and national identity (Tomlinson 1999: 113f; 2003).

 What we can call the ‘telemediatization’ of culture is a key distinction in twenty first century life. Telemediatized practices – watching television or typing, scrolling, clicking and browsing at the computer screen or talking, texting or sending and receiving pictures on a mobile phone – should be regarded as unique modes of cultural activity and perception. Our use of media and communications technologies thus helps to define what it is to exist as a social being in the modern world. And what all this speed and ‘instant access’ means in the longer term for our emotions, our social relations and our cultural values? In various ways – through increased travel and mobility, the use of new communications technologies and the experience of a globalized media – people effortlessly integrate local and ‘global’ cultural data in their consciousness. The positive potential of deterritorialization, then, is that, in changing our experience of local life, it may promote a new sensibility of cultural openness, human mutuality and global ethical responsibility.

 At the heart of the cultural-political problems posed by contemporary globalization, lies what Amanda Anderson (1998) has described as the ‘divided legacies of modernity’: two sets of strong rational principles pulling in different directions.

 Universal human rights or cultural difference? We don’t really know which flag to stand beside because in most cases there seem good reasons to stand beside both.

2. What was interesting/What did you learn

It was surprising that the increase in global connectivity did not necessarily mean 'unified' economically or politically. the ‘Third World’ does not partake of the globalized economy or of globalized communications in the same way as the developed world. Globalization does not appear equally across the world.

3. Discussion point

Can we say that Westernized global culture is a kind of cultural hegemony?

Cultural Globalization

Summary

Globalization is that connecting all of countries through culture, economic, and social. Thus globalization can make new culture itself. It has positive aspects and negative aspects. It can create new strengths.

In the course of the evolution, the capitalist process has a potential and enormous impact on the globalization of culture. For this reason, cultural globalization is sometimes called cultural imperialism.
Some Western experts continue to drive globalization into one "world culture" that encompasses us as it implies a form of cultural imperialism.
The effects of globalization are rapidly changing the concept of "regionality," and these changes have created the concept of "localization."
For this reason, the deterministic aspect of globalization can be felt in very ordinary everyday life. These changes seem too trivial, but they herald a deep cultural transformation.

Contrary to the conventional belief that globalization destroys cultural identity, it has played an important role in creating and spreading cultural identity. Political issues, such as proponents of universalism and politics of diversity, are not easily resolved But for these issues, it would be more flexible to think in terms of identity or context.

Interesting point

I had a negative view of globalization. I thought only a weak culture would disappear and a strong one would exist. But it was very surprising to learn that globalization strengthens locality. Even in times of considerable progress in globalization, the world's traditional culture is still maintained and preserved. I think about globalization new.

Discussion point

Is the power of globalization strong or the power of native culture strong? I think globalization is more stronger than native culture these days.