1.Summary
The concept of globalization refers to multi-dimensional, accelerated and interconnected organizations of space and time across borders. Political globalization considers an approach to the social world that emphasizes national and transnational processes. While the process of political globalization opens up new liberating possibilities for some, it is also accepted by others as a loss of autonomy and a fragmentation of the social world. In this chapter, the approach to political globalization emphasizes the versatility of globalization. Political globalization can be understood as a tension between three processes: global geopolitics, global normative culture, and pluralistic networks.
The most common form of political globalization is democracy. This is a kind of territory-based globalization and is confined to the political form of the nation's national anthem. After the fall of communism, democracy becomes a universally acceptable form of government. In this sense, globalization implies the global acceptability of democracy.
The globalization of democratic politics has been the basis of the so-called "new world order" associated with the U.S. attempt to gain global hegemony and the justification of world war. But even though the U.S. is emerging as a global power, the U.S. will not be able to establish global hegemony and will be challenged. Thus, the first dimension of political globalization is the geopolitics of global power.
The second dimension of political globalization is the rise of global norm culture. With the worldwide spread of democracy, political communication becomes the basis of the global norm culture. The sovereignty of a state causes tension between national consciousness and individuality. The country was once a major player in global norms, but today, there exists a global norm culture beyond the national system.
There is a dimension of globalization that has little to do with countries and cannot be reverted to a global normative culture. This multidisciplinary network takes the form of non-permanent politics that cannot be reduced. This process of political globalization is associated with new sources of network flow, mobility and communication and represents new relationships between individuals, countries and societies.
The concept of civil society refers to the political realm between countries and markets where everyday politics take place. The characteristic of the global civil society is that it has a lot of space. Global civil society has a lot of space because it is organized and diversified worldwide through horizontal union and network of activists. It exists with the state and plays a crucial role in influencing global geopolitics in the direction of multilateralism and global solidarity. The geopolitics exists under the conditions of what Hardt and Negri call an "imperial". The world norm culture can be characterized from an imperial-to-multiple point of view and provides a framework for politics around the world to communicate. The logic of globalization presents the central logic of political modernity that expresses inner conflict in the political framework of self-reliance versus division. The three dynamics of political globalization will revolve around changes in nationality and civil consciousness, public domain and political communication, civil society, and four cases of social transformation of space and borders.
The concept of a declining national state is replaced by the idea of continuous transformation of the national nation. The state continues to be powerful actors, but it exists in a more globally connected world where they are not fully in control. Countries have been encroached by the global market and new economic forces are beginning to challenge the nation's power. As a result, the state shares its sovereignty with other global players. In the case of Europeanization, there are papers on the issue of transnationalization improving the power of the nation and the emergence of a country with regulatory power. European unity has led to gradual erosion of national sovereignty, but ironically the salvation of the nation's national The supranationalization of a nation in Europe is a regulatory kind of rule rather than a new kind of national system that challenges the nation's. The transformation of a state into a functional element of a transnational organization and a major agent of global capitalism.
Globalization has revolutionized the nation without weakening it. The European Union will strengthen its nation-state. By entering a transnational order, countries are not abandoning their sovereignty, but becoming a means to assert it. As a result, the nation has become more widespread.
The separation of nationality and citizenship is due to the blurring of the boundary between national and international law due to the influence of global norm culture. In European Union countries, the transnationalization of nations has weakened the national anthem leading to the rise of a new nationalist movement. What is more important is the emergence of global public discourse amid the ongoing debate over the issue of the global public domain as a transnational space. The global public has a major resonance in all communication in that it interacts and contexts many public discourse through global contexts where communication is filtered.
In terms of the three conceptualizations of globalization, it is argued that global norm culture plays a leading role in shaping political communication, thanks to the global civil society that has amplified the global norm culture. Political globalization is best illustrated by the changes in political communication and the wider changes in the public domain.
An important point in understanding the development of political globalization is the concept of a "civil society" that symbolizes the political potential of globalization and marks the beginning of globalization. The "citizen society" of politics means the commonality of political forms connected locally, globally and nationally, mobilizing various actors around common political norms. Also important is that 'citizen socialization' has permeated international relations and countries increasingly engage in global civil society.
It is regarded as a good force that broadens the global reach and solves the problem (which is measured from the perspective of accountability, democracy and individual freedom, or more generally from the perspective of human rights) and is an effort to challenge the institutionalization of hegemony in national and/or global capitalism.
As a result of a growing chance of interaction between the domestic and international politics is the growth of world civil society. These developments raise interesting questions about chronology, and the general civil society takes precedence over civil society around the world.
We live on a shrinking dimension of an increasingly interconnected world. It seems too simple to reduce political globalization to a conflict between the flow associated with globalization and the space and boundaries of the political realm. Therefore, beyond the "national plan of things," we must face the need to reconsider space and borders in a global knowledge economy and a networked society In other words, if we see globalization as a social change, we must reconsider the nature and meaning of political space and borders. Looking at politics as a result of globalization has led to a great reevaluation of the meaning of borders and spaces in political construction.
2. What was interesting / What did you learn
As democracy and capitalism become more prevalent due to political globalization, the world follows the pluralized and deterritoralized rules, and homogeneity becomes blurred due to the separation of ethnic and national concepts, but rather the national state survives in a transformation rather than in decline. This is also in line with the globalization of culture read in the previous article. Even if the world is connected, popular culture and political communication are activated to create a public forum, national ties and national unity become more entrenched. Of course, there may be a weakening part, but I found that even though globalization is basically going on, the vitality of the nation's nation is very strong, and I started to think about it.
3. Discussion point
Can you say that the regulation of transnational alliances created by political globalization is always right? If any country's influence in a transnational union becomes so powerful that it cannot be sanctioned if it violates the sovereignty of another country, how can it be prevented?
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